英语长难句

简单句

1.什么是英语的句子：

英语句子必须具备主谓结构，主语一定是谓语动作的发出者，如果有宾语，宾语一定是谓语动作的承受者。

2.英语句子的基本结构：

① 主谓

② 主谓宾

谓语：实义动词

③ 主谓表（主系表）

谓语：系动词

• be

• 感官动词：look(=seem=appear),smell(n.气味),taste(n.喜爱，喜好),sound(n.声音,adj.甜美),feel

• 变化：become,get,turn(turn yelllow),grow,fall

• 保持：keep,stay,remain,stand

④ 主谓双宾

⑤ 主谓宾宾补

两者区别：在两宾语之间加入be动词，读起来意思是对就是主谓宾宾补，不对就是双宾

3.句子的成分（词性问题）：

① 谓语：

• 谓语的成分：有时态的实义动词（词组）或系动词充当谓语
• 动词能不能多？

注意是可以是词组：

eg.Can l have a look at your phone?

eg.We need take advantage of the Internet.

绝对不能，只能有一个动词并充当谓语，多余的动词全部变成非谓语动词。

谓语只能是动词

动词只能做谓语

把所有不做谓语的动词变成不是动词即（非\谓语动词）(主动:ving,被动:ved,目的:to do)

练习：

长江流经不同的生态体系，是众多濒危物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国1/5的土地

翻译：Yangzi River flowing through diverse ecological systems, keeps the home of a sea of endangered species, irrigating Chinese 1/5 land.

我爱你，你爱我

翻译：I loving you,you love me.

冬天来了，春天就不远了

翻译：Winter approaching, Spring will be around the corner.（独立主格，两个不同主语）

我是一个老师，我喜欢唱歌

翻译：Being a teacher, I have passion for singing songs.

• 一句话动词能不能少：不能，当一句话需要动词而又没有动词时加be动词，并且它没有意思

• 谓语的总结：一句话当中有且只有一个有时态的实义动词或系动词的存在并且充当谓语。

② 主语

• 主语的成分：名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句（引导词+句子）

• 一句话中主语能不能少：不能。

• 一句话没有主语怎么办？

1）加it：必须与天气，温度，时间有关

It feels exceedingly hot in the cabin.

2）There be句型，听到“有”的时候使用

There exist/seem/remain a host of undergraduates being fascinated with me

3) 被动：当听到一句话没有主语或人称代词做主语都可以考虑被动

Eg.Persistence must be pointed out outstandingly crucial.

Eg.Overfishing is claimed more than fearful by an increasing amount of professors

无被动：动词后有介词无被动，系动词无被动，have表达“有”的意思时无被动

4) 人称代词做主语：l you we,最好不要用

Eg.如果有梦想，就应该会成功

​ If there exists a dream, glories are supposed to be achieved.

③ 宾语

• 名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句可以充当宾语

④表语

• 名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句，形容词，介词短语可以充当表语

例子：我喜欢在重庆

I like being in ChongQing.

l like ChongQing

4.简单句的考点分析

写作

① 所有写不来的长难句都先写成简单句，一定要保证语法正确

② 写不来的单词都写成自己会的词汇

长难句分析

第一步就是找动词（即谓语），从而找到主谓宾。如果一句话找到了多个动词，就确定主句的谓语动词（前面没有引导词的动词就是主句的谓语动词）

5.各种思考和踩坑

① 关于情态动词

情态动词不能单独出现，后面必须加实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语。

② His smile is like a flower

这句话中like是介词

③ 哥哥的头上有一朵花

这句话其实并没有主语 ’on the head of the brother’ 是介词短语不能作主语，作主语的只有名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句。

④ 被动语态和时态

时态是表明动作发生的时间，语态表示的主语和谓语之间的关系，二者相互独立，被动语态也有时态。

⑤不及物动词加介词一起构成谓语

Dreaming may not belong to the inconscious.

⑥We went to have a look at him

这句话实际上就是一个主谓结构，后面不定式表目的状语

并列句

1.什么是并列句：

就是用连词连接两个句子

2.英语中常见的连词，副词，介词短语

• 平行：and, not only…but also…

  ​ similarly, equally, likewise, at the same time, in the meanwhile

• 转折：but, yet, while,whereas

  ​ however, nevertheness, on the contrary, conversely, unexpectedly, unfortunately, by contrast

• 选择：or, whether…or…

  ​ alternatively

• 因果：for, so

  ​ therefore, thus, consequently, as a result

• 递进：then

  ​ desides, furthermore, moreover, additionally, in addition,subsequently

3.并列句考点分析

①写作：只要上下句有逻辑关系就一定要用逻辑关系词（连词，副词，介词和介词短语）

②长难句分析：

• 在分析长难句时只要见到有并列连词的出现通常都会有省略，翻译时先把省略补全。所以长难句分析第二步就是找连词，但是当连词在连接两个单词时这个连词就假装没看见。
• 那如何查找省略的内容呢？一句话只要有省略就一定会省略在连词后而不会省略在连词前，所以连词后有的成分，连词前通常都要有有：如果连词后只有一个成分，那么连词前一定能找到它的对应成分，如果连词后有多个成分的话，连词前不一定都能找到它的对应成分。
• 连词前面有而连词后面没有的成分就是省略的部分

4.连词和其他关系词的区别

• 使用连词时，前面可以加逗号，也可以不加.
• 其他的逻辑关系词前面要不加句号，要不加连词and.

爱情已经不在了，但他还在留恋过去

Romance has evaporated, but he still misses the past.

Romance has evaporated, and on the contrary, he still misses the past.

Romance has evaporated . On the contrary, he still misses the past.

有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎

There exist an army of companies coming from distance, and consequently, l feel more than(=very) deligthted.

都说我如水百变，可知我清澈不变

am claimed(认为) changeable like water. By contrast, my clarity keeps consistent.

你还记得那天吗？我没有通过四级考试，一个人在雨中哭泣，你走了过来，拍片我的肩膀，告诉我人生没有终点

Do you still keep that day in mind? l failed to pass CET4, and as a result, I shed tears in the rain alone. At te same time, you came up to me and subsequntly you beat my shoulder and told me there exists no destinantion in life

名词性从句

1.名词（短语）能能够充当什么成分

①名词充当主语

The movie looks terrific.

②名词充当宾语

I admire his mother .

③名词充当表语

Gump is a man.

④名词充当同位语

I enjoy the part, the beginning.

同位语：用来解释名词的成分就是同位语

I, a university student, know Eason, a well-known singer from HK.

My mother, a typical housewife, enjoy playing MaJang, a Chinese entertainment.

只要在作文中见到名词都可以在后面有意识的加上同位语，对该名词进行补充说明。

Persistence, an active mentality, plays a critical role in the glories of all children and adults

同位语的成分：名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句

2.什么是名词性从句

What l saw looks terrific.

I admire what she said.

Gump is who we should learn from.

I enjoy the part that a bird is flying in the sky.

名词在句子中能够充当的成分，从句都能充当这就是名词性从句。

3.名词性从句的引导词

名词性从句的引导词按从句的类型分的类，一共把引导词分成三类

①That：当从句是陈述句时。并且that在从句中不充当任何成分也没有任何意思

That he has got divorc is my fault.

②Whether:当从句是一般疑问句时。并且whether在从句中不充当任何成分,意思是是否

Whether he has got divorced is obvious.

③所有的特殊疑问词：当从句是特殊疑问句时。

Who he will marry is a secret.

并且英语中所有的从句都是陈述句的形式也就是引导词+主语+谓语

例子：

我正在思考外星人存在吗？

I am wondering whether aliens exist. (宾语从句)

女人总是对的是一个常识。

That ladies tend to be right remains common knowledge. (主语从句)

我的意思是孝敬父母是中华民族的传统美德。

My meaning seems that supporting the elderly remains a Chinese conventional virture. （表语从句）

有一天你会发现事业亲情友情都比爱情重要。

Someday, one will perceive that career, kinship and friendship prove more indispensable than romance. (宾语从句)

关键是你什么时候有钱.

The point seems when wealth will become avaialble for you.

4.名词性从句考点分析

写作：

①主语从句：
把主语从句放到句末，用it做形式主语

• it … that…
• it is apparent that …(显而易见的…)
• it looks beyond dispute …
• it has been widely accepted that …
• it is universally acknowledged that …
• it keeps my argument that … (我认为…)
  主语从句可以写在作文中任意一句话前面用来拉长句子。
  eg.显而易见关于勤奋这个话题已经引起了广泛的关注。
  It looks beyond dispute that the issue about diligence has been brought into the limelight.

②同位语从句
eg.他找到了一个女朋友使他的家人很开心。
The matter that he managed to find a girlfriend makes his superiors rejoiced
eg.没有什么可以掩盖他正在变老这个事实。
Nothing can hide the truth that she is getting old.
eg.河南人都是骗子这种想法是不正确的。
The outlook proves wrong that private individuals in HeNan seem all deceivers.
eg.温室里的花朵不能经受风雨，这个事实表明我们不应该溺爱孩子。
The evidence that flowers in the greenhouse fail to undergo storms indicates that kids should by no means be spoiled by their senior citizens.
同位语从句既可放在它所解释的名词后，也可以放到整句话的后面

长难句分析：
如何识别主语从句：只要见到有引导词放在句首，并且从句后没有被逗号隔开，就一定是主语从句，主语从句从名词后开始，到主句的谓语结束。除此以外，见到 it…that通常都是主语从句，主语从句从that开始到句末结束。

如何识别宾语从句：只要实义动词后面有引导词就暂定为宾语从句（状语从句还没有讲哦）

如何识别表语从句：只要系动词后面又引导词就是表语从句

如何识别同位语从句：只要名词后面又引导词就暂定为同位语从句（更可能是定语从句）

定语从句

1.什么是定语？

只要听到….的加名词….的就是修饰这个名词的定语成分

2.定语的成分

①形容词修饰名词

The innocent nightingale died.

The nightingale innocent and brave died.

②名词修饰名词

The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.

③介词短语修饰名词

The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the youngster.

④非谓语动词作定语

The singing bird lost his life.

⑤从句作定语

3.定语的位置

前小后大：当一个单词修饰名词通常放在名词前，多个单词修饰名词通常放在名词后。

• This is a fiction (about a nightingale and a rose) 介词短语修饰名词

• The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince 非谓语动词作定语 名词修饰名词

• The rejected boy looks pitiful 非谓语动词作定语

当过去分词修饰名词时通常放在名词后

The boy rejected looks pitiful.

当形容词修饰不定代词的时候即使只有一个单词通常放在名词后

I have something important to tell you .

4.定语从句

①定语从句构成

n. + 引导词 + 句子

②定语从句引导词

定语从句引导词按先行词种类进行分类一共5类

1)当先行词为人：who,whom,whose

2)当先行词为物：that,which,whose

3)当先行词为时间：that,which,when

4)当先行词为人：that,which,where

5)当先行词为原因：that,which,why

谁决定定语从句引导词用法？

①先行词

②引导词在从句中充当的成分

定语从句引导词新的分类标准：

按照引导词本身的词性分类一共分成三类

1)代词(在从句中充当主语，宾语的成分)：who whom that which

2)副词(在从句中不充当任何主干成分)：where,when,why

3)形容词(在从句中修饰离它最近的名词)：whose

5.定语从句的特殊用法

①that在引导定语从句时如果在从句中充当宾语那么that可以省略

I enjoy the book that my mother bought for me.

在分析长难句的时候如果见到有两个名词或代词直接放在一起，中间没有被连词或标点符号隔开，通常都是省略了that的定语从句

②区别限制和非限制性定语从句

在分析长难句的时候，非限制性的定语从句就相当于插入语，可以忽略不看

③如果先行词和引导词之间有介词,人不能用who只能用whom，物不用that只能用which

④区别 the same… as 和 the same…that引导的定语从句

He is the same man as l love.

He is the same man that l love.

as 翻译成像，that 翻译成是

⑤as 和 which引导的非限制性定语从句

which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个句子as也可以

但是which只能放到主句的后面而as则可前可后。

He enjoys talking with young ladies, which drives me mad.

As drives me mad, he enjoys talking with young ladies.

6.定语从句和同位语从句区别

I have a dream that sounds funny. (定语从句)

I have a dream that l wil become a rich lady.（同位语从句）

相同点：都是先行词+引导词+句子

区别：

①看从句本身意思，定语从句是对前面名词的修饰，而同位语从句是对前面名词意思的解释

②看引导词 that 在从句中是否充当成分，充当成分就是定语从句，没有充当就是同位语从句

③定语从句的先行词可以是所有名词，而同位语从句的先行词只能是抽象名词

④定语从句引导词总共有8个，而同位语从句的引导词一般都是that

7.定语从句至难点

至难点是寻找先行词也就必须要读懂这句话

• 定语从句先行词是离引导词最近的那个名词

• 定语从句先行词是它前面的几个名词

• 定语从句先行词是它前面的一个从句

• 定语从句先行词是它前面的整个句子

• 定语从句先行词与引导词被隔开了

状语从句

1.形容词和副词

①形容词

系动词后做表语

名词前做定语

②副词

He cried sadly.

He looks especially sad.

He cried rather sadly.

Actually, he cried.

副词修饰实义动词，形容词，副词，整个句子

副词在哪都做状语

2.什么是状语

1）什么是状语？

状语就是在一个句子中，用来修饰实义动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分

状语在一句话当中除了名词不能修饰所有成分都能修饰

2）状语的成分

①副词

②介词短语

She cried sadlly like a boy losing his toy.

③非谓语动词

She cried, sitting there.

④从句

She cried when she sat there.

3)状语的位置

随便放

3.状语从句

状语从句的引导词是按引导词本身的意思分的类，一共分成9类

时间状语从句

①时间状语从句

• when=while=as 当while翻译成当…的时候后面要用进行时态

• before

• after

• since 此处的since翻译成自从后面用现在完成时

  I have fallen in love with you since I met you.

• the moment=as soon as

• by the time

• until

• not…until

②状语从句的时态：

当爱来临的时候我要牵住她的手

When romance comes, l will hold her hands

在所有的状语从句中，如果主句的动作和从句的动作都没有发生，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时。

当爱来临的时候我没有牵她的手

When love came, l failed to hold her hands.

③区别until和not…until

l will wait here until you come.

l will not leave until you come.

区别在于看主句的动词是延续性动词还是短暂性动词，如果是延续性动词用until如果是短暂性动词就用not…until

直到我长大我才意识到母亲的伟大

I did not realize the greatness of mothers until l grew up

④省略的情况

When (l was) a kid, l enjoy singing songs

when引导的时间状语从句，如果主句的主语和从句的主语一致，并且从句的谓语中有be动词，此时从句的主语和be动词可以同时省略

地点状语从句

The kind of trees grow well in moist places.

The kind of trees grow well where it is moist.

做地点状语的通常都是介词短语很少是从句

原因状语从句

1)引导词

• because
• as
• since
• in that
• seeing that
• considering that
• now that
• given that

2）连词

• for

3）介词短语

• because of

• due to

• owing to

• thanks to

• for the sake of

• as a result of

因为他粗心他出了一场事故

He had a car acccident because he was careless.

He had a car acccident for he was careless.

He had a car acccident because of his carelessness.

目的状语从句

1）+ v

• to
• in order to
• so as to

2)引导词

• so that（通常放在主句后面，不放句首）
• in order that
  为了看得更远我们爬的更高
  We will ascend higher in order to overlook farther
  (不用further因为further是抽象距离)
  In order that we overlook farther we will ascend higher.

结果状语从句

1）引导词

• so…that

• such…that

翻译成如此以至于，so后面加形容词或副词，such后面加名词
lt feels so hot today that l wear my dress.
My mother proves so kind that she is respected by all her staff.
总结：用so…that替换very,作文中只要

出现形容词和副词的地方都可以换成so…that句型

让步状语从句

1）引导词
虽然，尽管

• although
  Raising pets can cultivate the loving heart of kids although they might be injurious to their families or neighbors.

• though

• even if

• even though

• as
  as引导的让步状语从句，从句的表语可以放到句首构成倒装
  As l seem ugly, l keep gentle.
  Ugly as l seem, l keep gentle.
  虽然这个图表看起来很简单,但它背后的观点是很深刻的,国人越来越支持国货了
  Simple as tha chat looks,the outlook behind proves far behind——nation products become increasingly popular with Chinese customers

• while
  翻译成虽然，尽管的意思讲只能放在句首，不能放在句中

方式状语从句

1）引导词

好像，似乎

• as
• the way
• as if
• as though

2）介词短语

• by

• through

• by means of

• in…way

She looks as if she were made of ice

条件状语从句

1）引导词

如果

• suppose that
• supposing that
• if
• unless = if not
• provided that
• as long as
• so long as

只要有一丝希望，我也不会放弃

As long as there seems a ghost of hope, l will never give up.

比较状语从句

1）引导词

• as…as
• than
  你看起来像我一样漂亮
  You are as beautiful as l (am beautiful)
  You are more beautiful than l (am beautiful)